Financial Prospectus Content Paper Essay Example for Free

Financial Prospectus Content Paper Essay Prepare the first seven components of your venture’s Financial Prospectus. The Financial Prospectus must include the information you provided in the individual assignments from Week One and Two, revised as necessary based on material covered in subsequent workshops and organized with new material added as necessary. Post your assignment as a Microsoft ® Word attachment in APA format. Every freshman should understand and realize that the freshman 15 does in fact exist. It is important that everyone take the necessary steps to ensure that they are getting proper nutrition during their first year in college. While it might be tempting to pile on some fries for dinner every night, youll pay for it in the long run. This work comprises FIN 375 Week 4 Financial Prospectus Content Paper Business General Business Individual Financial Prospectus Content Paper Resources: Final Prospectus Expectations Prepare the first seven components of your venture’s Financial Prospectus. The Financial Prospectus must include the information you provided in the individual assignments from Week One and Two, revised as necessary based on material covered in subsequent workshops and organized with new material  added as necessary. Post your assignment as a Microsoft ® Word attachment in APA format. Every freshman should understand and realize that the freshman 15 does in fact exist. It is important that everyone take the necessary steps to ensure that they are getting proper nutrition during their first year in college. While it might be tempting to pile on some fries for dinner every night, youll pay for it in th A+ tutorial you will find here https://bitly.com/1wySU49 Every freshman should understand and realize that the freshman 15 does in fact exist. It is important that everyone take the necessary steps to ensure that they are getting proper nutrition during their first year in college. While it might be tempting to pile on some fries for dinner every night, youll pay for it in the long run. Business General Business Individual Financial Prospectus Content Paper Resources: Final Prospectus Expectations Prepare the first seven components of your venture’s Financial Prospectus. The Financial Prospectus must include the information you provided in the individual assignments from Week One and Two, revised as necessary based on material covered in subsequent workshops and organized with new material added as necessary. Post your assignment as a Microsoft ® Word attachment in APA format.

Impact on the People of Nigeria by Muslims, French and British Essay

Africans have been migrating through out the continent, including Nigeria, long before there was even written record. Because of this, there has always been an extensive amount of inter-mingling between various ethnic groups, making it difficult to actually trace back who came from where. Aside from this amalgamation, there has been a huge impact on the peoples of Nigeria by outside forces. In particular, three major groups that had a major impact were Muslim merchants from across the Sahara, British slave traders and eventual colonizers, and the French and British Christian missionaries. The combination of these three groups has had both an economic and cultural impact on Nigeria that is still present today. External penetration of Nigeria started as early as the 9th century AD when Muslim merchants from western Sudan, Maghreb, Tripolitania and Egypt started traveling across the Sahara with camel caravans in search of trade. Over the course of the next six centuries, Islam became accepted widely in the north, especially among the Hausa and Fulani, and not only as a religion. It also imposed a central government, segregated the sexes, influenced language and script, and established a hierarchical class system that was not there beforehand. Islam did not spread south because of the dense tropical forest that divides Nigeria into north and south. This also caused the two regions to â€Å"develop† at different rates because while the south was still alien to Europeans, the north was expanding culturally and economically because of its deep involvement with the trans-Sahara trade routes. The peoples of the south remained untouched by Europeans until the 1470’s when Portuguese explorers, under the inspiration and guidance of Henry the Navigator, arrived and traded spirits, cloth, guns and gunpowder for slaves. The Portuguese did not really have much of a cultural effect on the indigenous people (besides the slowly diminishing population). This is because they rarely traveled farther than the coast, if they even left the ships. Eventually the British ships were dropping anchor along Nigeria’s coast after Britain realized the extent of the profits the Portuguese were making and what they could reap from slavery. By 1712 they had established a slave monopoly along the west coast. Chiefs and African slave traders brought slaves to shipside in exchange for Eu... ...t of Nigerians resorted to migration when fighting didn’t work. It is ironic how when one country tries to take over another in a forceful manner, it is met by some form of resistance but if the country introduces itself through trade it is accepted with open arms. The Muslims did not intend to rule over anyone. They were there to make deals and trade goods. Muslim conversion was gradual and voluntary and spanned over six centuries. There is little evidence about wars between Muslims and Nigerians. Also, many Nigerians are proud to be part of the Muslim culture in the north, even if they are from the south, because of its historical tradition, distinctive architecture, useful language, Islamic faith and because it is an alternative to white European culture. The British were the ones that forcefully took people’s land and family members. They were accepted at first, but they betrayed the trust of the people and exploited them for Britain’s gain for over 400 years. Many educated Nigerians today feel that if it weren’t for the slave trade and colonialism, they would be living in a much more modern and progressive country at this time. It is no wonder that they resent the British.

Gun control has been a controversial issue for years Essay

â€Å"Gun control has been a controversial issue for years. A vast majority of citizens believe that if gun control is strictly enforced it would quickly reduce the threat of crime. Many innocent people feel they have the right to bear arms for protection, or even for the pleasure of hunting. These people are penalized for protecting their lives, or even for enjoying a common, innocent sport. To enforce gun control throughout the nation means violating a persons Constitutional rights. Although some people feel that the issue of gun control will limit crime, the issue should not exist due to the fact that guns are necessary for self defense against crime, and by enforcing gun control is violating a citizen’s second amendment right to bear arms. † Another examples of an argumentative essay comes from Bogazici University:†Throw out the bottles and boxes of drugs in your house. A new theory suggests that medicine could be bad for your health, which should at leastcome as good news to people who cannot afford to buy expensive medicine. However, it is a blow to the medicine industry, and an evenbigger blow to our confidence in the progress of science. This new theory argues that healing is at our fingertips: we can be healthy by doing Reikion on a regular basis. † On Essay By Example, on the other hand, the sample argumentative essay addresses online games and socialization: â€Å"Online games aren’t just a diversion, but a unique way to meet other people. As millions of gamers demonstrate, playing online is about friendship and cooperation, not just killing monsters. These games are a viable social network because players focus on teamwork, form groups with like-minded people and have romantic relationships with other players. â€Å"Massively-Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) feature millions of players interacting in the same environment. The games are social in nature as they allow players to band together and complete missions based on a story line, or test their skills by fighting against each other. At the start of the game, the user creates a fictional character, and customizes its physical appearance. Since many games involve combat, players also outfit their characters with armor and weapons, as well as choose their â€Å"profession. † Many popular game titles like World of Warcraft and Everquest follow a fantasy theme, so most professions have magical abilities like healing other players or raising undead minions. While the process seems simple, players may spend hours agonizing over the perfect look for their character, from their armor color to the type of skills to use in battle. Once their character is created, the player is free to explore the vast, digital world and interact with other players; however they must pay on average $15 a month for game content. MMOG users are mostly male – usually between the ages of 18-34 – although titles like World of Warcraft have a healthy population of female players as well. With millions of players, there are plenty of people to adventure with. † The key to learning to write a good essay is to read and study other essays and then practice, practice, rewrite and practice some more.

Multiple Literacies in the Classroom Tips & Strategies

Traditionally, literacy has referred to the ability to read and write. A literate person can communicate effectively through writing and assimilate information from reading. However, in today’s technology-driven world, the word literacy has expanded to encompass an ability to communicate effectively and absorb information through a variety of mediums. The term multiple literacies (also called new literacies or multi-literacies) recognizes that there are many ways to relay and receive information, and students need to be proficient in each one. Types of Literacy The four primary areas of aptitude are visual, textual, digital, and technological literacy. Each literacy type is described below. Visual Literacy Visual literacy refers to an individual’s ability to understand and evaluate information presented through images such as pictures, photographs, symbols, and videos. Visual literacy means going beyond simply looking at the image; it involves assessing the message the image is trying to convey or the feelings it is designed to evoke. Developing strong visual literacy involves teaching students to observe and analyze images. They should be trained to observe the image as a whole and note what they see. Then, they should think about its purpose. Is it meant to inform? Entertain? Persuade? Finally, students should learn to infer the image’s significance. Visual literacy also includes a student’s ability to express himself effectively through digital media. That doesn’t mean that all students will become artists, but one practical application is a student’s ability to put together a visual presentation that accurately and effectively communicates information. Textual Literacy Textual literacy is what most people would associate with the traditional definition of literacy. At a basic level, it refers to a person’s ability to assimilate written information, such as literature and documents, and to communicate effectively in writing. However, textual literacy goes beyond merely reading information. Students must be able to analyze, interpret, and evaluate what they’ve read. Textual literacy skills include the ability to put what is read into context, evaluate it, and challenge it, if necessary. Analyzing and responding to books, blogs, news articles, or websites through reports, debates, or persuasive or opinion essays is one way to build a students textual literacy. Digital Literacy Digital literacy refers to an individual’s ability to locate, evaluate, and interpret information found through digital sources, such as websites, smartphones, video games. Students must learn to evaluate digital media critically and determine if a source is credible, identify the author’s point of view, and determine the author’s intent. Help students learn to recognize satire by providing samples from spoof websites such as The Onion or Save the Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus. Older students will also benefit from reading a variety of opinion and news articles in order to determine which ones contain the least bias. Technological Literacy Technological literacy refers to a person’s ability to use a variety of technologies (such as social media, online video sites, and text messages) appropriately, responsibly, and ethically. A technologically literate student understands not only how to navigate digital devices, but also how to do so safely while protecting his privacy and that of others, obeying copyright laws, and respecting the diversity of culture, beliefs, and opinions he will encounter. To develop their technological literacy skills, assign your students projects that require online research. Utilizing Multiple Literacies in the Classroom Teaching multiple literacies requires teachers to understand technology themselves. Teachers should look for ways to engage with their colleagues in the technology that their students are using, such as social media, blogging, and gaming. In addition, teachers must provide opportunities for students to develop multiple literacies in the classroom. Students should learn to locate, evaluate, and process information and communicate what they have learned to others. Try these tips for integrating multiple literacies in the classroom. Create Engaging Classroom Activities Engage in activities to promote visual literacy, such as Five Card Flickr. Provide students with five random photos or images. Ask them to write a word associated with each image, name a song that reminds them of each image, and describe what all of the images have in common. Then, invite the students to compare their answers with those of their classmates. Diversify Text Media Provide a variety of ways for students to interact with text, such as books in print, audio, and electronic formats. You may wish to allow students to listen to an audiobook while following along in the print version. Try posting infographics where students can read them or allowing time for students to listen to podcasts. Provide Access to Digital Media Ensure that students have opportunities to access a variety of digital media for collecting and creating information. Students may wish to read blogs or websites or watch videos on YouTube or streaming services to research topics of interest. Then, they can create a blog, video, or other digital media presentation to relay what they learn. In 5th through 8th grades, prepare students for high school and beyond by allowing them to choose a topic to research for the semester or year. Guide students in learning to read web pages, identify the author, determine the credibility of the information, and cite sources. Students should then use digital media (or a combination of digital and print) to create a presentation on their topic. Use Social Media If your students are 13 and older, consider setting up a classroom Twitter account or a Facebook group. Then, use it to communicate with your students and to model the safe, responsible, and ethical use of social media. Multiple Literacies Resources for Students Apart from classroom integration, there are many resources for students to develop multiple literacies. Students will naturally use many of these resources, such as gaming, the Internet, and social media outlets. Many libraries now recognize multiple literacies and offer resources for students, such as free computer and Internet access, e-books and audiobooks, tablet access, and digital media workshops. Students can also use free tools that are available on their smartphones, digital devices, or computers to explore multiple literacies. Some suggestions include: iMovie for video creationGarageBand for creating podcasts, music, or sound effectsGoogle products such as Docs, Sheets, and SlidesApple Podcasts on  iPhone and Stitcher or Spotify on Android for accessing podcastsMicrosoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint

Andrew Jackson Essay - 1892 Words

Jackson was a protector of democracy for quot;Equal protection and equal benefitsquot; for all men. He wanted to be rid of any organization or institution promoting specific privilege to anyone. Jackson felt that over time, the offices of the federal system had grown mold to a uniform party. He proceeded to seek diversity amongst officers, and while he removed no more officials than Jefferson, he succeeded in diversifying the system. Since he believed that the power belonged to the people, Jackson instituted a new method for selecting presidential candidates. While previously there was held a Congressional Caucus, Jackson initiated a national nominating convention in order that the people might elect their candidates. Jackson responding†¦show more content†¦In the South, many people wanted to allow the Indians that were civilized, like the Cherokee, to remain on their land. The eventual result was the passage of the Removal Act, which provided the necessary funds for the relocation of Indians to the West. The Cherokee then found favor in their appeal to the Supreme Court (Marshall and Jackson were long time foes), however, Marshall didnt enforce the ruling, and the Cherokee were eventually dissolved due to Jacksons hatred. Some escaped to North Carolina, others took money to leave, and the remaining majority of all were forced from their homes [at bayonet point] to make a long quot;trek of tearsquot; to their new homes, west of the Mississippi. The Seminoles, however, were partially stubborn. Some left for relocation, while others joined escaped slaves to rise against the government. While unsuccessful, we never managed to totally relocate them. Jackson dismantles the Federal bank Seeing that the National Bank was a monopoly, Jackson set out to destroy it. Jackson was successful enough in winning people to his side of the issue that he forced the banks president, Biddle, to take measure. Biddle responded by winning over some of Jacksons followers along with certain influential people. Biddle applied for renewal of the charter for the bank four years early, and it passed Congress but was of course vetoed and deemed by Jackson to be quot;unconstitutional.quot; Congress was unable to override the veto, and so theShow MoreRelatedAndrew Jackson1431 Words   |  6 Pages Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United Stated of America, was born on March 15, 1767 and died on June 8, 1845 in Nashville, Tennessee. Jackson’s parents Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson were Presyberitains, Scots-Irish settlers whom in 1765 emigrated from Ireland. Andrew’s birthplace is deduced to have been at one of his uncles houses in the Waxhaw’s area between North Carolina and South Carolina, his exact whereabouts is unknown. Jacksons mother emigrated across the AppalachianRead MoreAndrew Jackson : The Age Of Jackson1376 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as â€Å"The Age of Jackson†, America was a country on its way to the West. America’s revolutionary generation was quickly fading, making room for a new balance of political power. As the class systems were breaking down, the â€Å"common man† was better able to cast his vote for the new President. Jackson was glorified by his impressive war accomplishments and humble background of the frontier. This made him the main target for presidency in election 1824. Once coming to power, Jackson no longer portrayedRead MoreThe Age Of Jackson By Andrew Jackson Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"The Age of Jackson† was a time when the high society aristocrats were threatened by the commoner. Jackson was a common man himself; orphaned as a boy, Jackson, rose to the top and became an admired general and commander in chief. Jackson affected the outlook on the class system, the method of electing our president, the spread of the spoils system, the fighting between the north and the south, the interactions between America and the Indians, and he helped lead our country to inflation. With Jackson’sRead MoreThe Life Of Andrew Jackson Essay1625 Words   |  7 Pages The Life of Andrew Jackson Michael J. Ford Jr. Central High School November 9, 2015 4th Period â€Æ' Abstract In my paper I while inform you of the United States 7th president Andrew Jackson. My paper consists of interesting facts about Mr. Jackson. It isn’t like what you read about in regular history books. Although some are random there fun facts that you may or may not know about my topic. The Life of Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson was born Friday March 15, 1767. He was raised in WaxhawRead MoreThe Legacy Of Andrew Jackson1090 Words   |  5 PagesAndrew Jackson America’s history is rich and full of countless heroes, scandals, and incredible stories. Perhaps one of the most interesting of those stories is that of Andrew Jackson’s. To some, he was a hero, but to others, he was their worst enemy. Being raised in the mountains of the Carolinas, he became the first â€Å"backcountry president† of the United States (Wilentz, 13). His fame, though, began years before his presidency. Jackson’s reputation was established during the War of 1812, namelyRead MoreThe Legacy Of Andrew Jackson1365 Words   |  6 PagesConceived in time of poverty, Andrew Jackson had turned into a rich Tennessee lawyer. When the time came and the war broke out between Britain and the United States, his administration in that conflict earned Jackson national fame as a military legend. He would then go on to turn into America s most influential and polarizing political figure between the 1820s and 1830s. After barely losing to John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential race, Jackson returned four years after the fact to win reclamationRead More Andrew Jackson Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pages Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson, born in 1767 was a child of poor Scotch-Irish immigrants. He ended up with enough education to be qualified to practice law. Jackson’s father died before he was born. The Revolutionary War started soon after he was born. It was very bloody in the wild and poor country where they lived. Jackson at the age of 13, joined a regiment. He was captured by the British, was wounded and nearly killed by a sword to the face for not polishing a British officers boots. He andRead More Andrew Jackson Essay1079 Words   |  5 Pages Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, was born the Waxhaw territory, lying between North and South Carolina on March 15, 1767. Jackson was the third child of Scotch-Irish parents. His father died as the result of a logging accident just a few weeks before Andrew was born. Jacksons mother, Elizabeth Hutchison Jackson, was regarded as a very independent woman. After her husbands death, she raised her three sons at the home of one of her relatives. The Declaration of IndependenceRead MoreThe Legacy Of Andrew Jackson1523 Words   |  7 PagesAndrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767 to Scots-Irish colonists Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson in the mountains between North and South Carolina. Jackson was born into poverty and as a result received very little education growing up. When The British invaded the Carolinas around 1780, Jackson’s mother and two brothers were killed during the conflict and British soldiers took the young Andrew Jackson prisoner, leaving him with a lifelong hostility toward Great Britain. In 1781, JacksonRead More Andrew Jackson Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesAndrew Jackson No one can argue that as a president, Jackson made no mistakes; however, they in no way disqualify him from having a place on the U.S. twenty dollar bill. Jackson made every decision according to the will of the American people, even the more unsavory ones. He was a war hero that exemplified the strength and tenacity by which America has defined itself over the generations. He acted in all ways with concern for the growth of the American nation, both at home and overseas. Even his

The State of Georgia The Empire State of the South Essay

The state of Georgia earned the nickname The Empire State of the South in the antebellum period largely because of its textile industry. From 1840 until 1890 the state consistently led the South in textile production, Antebellum towns including Macon, Milledgeville, Madison, and Greensboro experimented with steam-powered cotton factories, with varying degrees of success. The steam-powered factories in Madison and Greensboro went broke in the 1850s, while those in Milledgeville and Macon survived to serve the Confederacy. Macon Cotton Factory the leading manufacturing sector of the United States in the years before the Civil War. Georgias entrepreneurs began to experiment in factory-based industry between 1809 and 1820, but they†¦show more content†¦William Schley and by 1840 the state could boast fourteen cotton factories containing at least 16,635 spindles and involving a capitalization of more than $500,000. Georgias textile industry seemed capable of endless expansion, with large profits for all who invested. In 1844 the Athens Manufacturing Company declared a 24 percent dividend on its stock, and Henry Merrell, the factory manager at the newly constructed Curtwright Factory in Greene County, expected to make similar profits for the foreseeable future. The very successes of Georgias industrialization set forces in motion that destroyed the reputation of its antebellum textile industry. Investors who were disappointed with the returns on their railroad stock during the long depression of the late 1830s to mid-1840s turned toward cotton factories. The state legislature encouraged additional factory construction in 1847 by making incorporation for a factory much easier than for any other company. Accordingly, the number of cotton and wool factories in Georgia grew from fourteen to thirty-five between 1844 and 1849. But the census counts frequently omitted factories that were temporarily inoperative or under construction, and the number continued to increase. In 1851 localShow MoreRelatedThe Culture of the State of Georgia, A Paragraph695 Words   |  3 PagesHave you ever wanted to visit a state with beautiful mountains and waterfalls? If so Georgia is a great state to visit,because its known for it’s beautiful Appalachian Mo untains. It also has beautiful waterfalls on the mountains. In this paragraph, it tells about the culture of Georgia. The first people that stepped on Georgias land stepped on it about 10,000 years ago. Georgia is located along the Atlantic Ocean and is Southeastern in the United States.Georgia is roughly about 57,906 squareRead MoreAbout Georgia Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesGeorgia was admitted as a state in 1788 and was one of the Confederate States of America. 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Why is Worchester v. Georgia an important case? The Worchester v. Georgia is an important case because, President Jackson violated the court but, the Cherokee people still got the right to have their original land This is commonly specified in disputes of human rights now in modern times 5. What was John Marshall’s position in Worchester v. Georgia? He thought that the Cherokee people should be a prominent body. He also wanted the Georgia state laws not to control it. ChapterRead MoreDevoplement of the United States Within the Time Periods 1700-18001722 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States in the period 1700-1800 The purpose of this essay is to explain the historical development of the Thirteen colonies in the time period 1700-1800. It will be shown that the development of the colonies of the south and north differed in this time period. As the colonies developed, the need for independence grew leading to the Revolutionary war in 1776. Slavery was very diverse. In the south slavery was separated into two subcultures: the upper south and lower south. Slavery,Read MoreShermans March Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesSherman’s March The March through Georgia and South Carolina, lead by General William Techumseh Sherman, was the turning point in the American Civil War. There had been heavy fighting in Tennessee and Kentucky. General Sherman requested permission to take a very large army to the Atlantic Ocean through North and South Carolina, Georgia, then turning North back through the Carolinas and then Virginia. He would divide the Confederate states by blazing a path through the middle of them, foragingRead MoreAmerican History: The Development of the Ironwork Industry in Alabama1088 Words   |  5 Pagesin history. However, many American history textbooks avoid the topic of widespread manufacturing industries in the south, and their simultaneous development with the much more powerful agricultural industry. 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Georgia’ solution toRead MoreColonization and Conflict in the South, 1600-1750 Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesConflict in the South, 1600-1750 CHAPTER OVERVIEW Instead of becoming havens for the English poor and unemployed, or models of interracial harmony, the southern colonies of seventeenth-century North America were weakened by disease, wracked by recurring conflicts with Native Americans, and disrupted by profit-hungry planters’ exploitation of poor whites and blacks alike. Many of the tragedies of Spanish colonization and England’s conquest of Ireland were repeated in the American South and the BritishRead MoreThe Ku Klux Klan And The Civil Rights Movement1411 Words   |  6 Pagessouthern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican party’s reconstruction-era polices aimed at establishing political and economic equality for blacks. Its members waged an unseen war of intimidation and violence directed at white and black republican leaders. Through congress passed legislation designed to stop and contain Klan terrorism, the organization saw its primary goal fulfilled through d emocratic victories in state legislatures across the south in the

AS Music Baroque Ensemble Music Free Essays

Music History Project 4: Baroque ensemble music: 1. What is meant by rounded form? Discuss its origins and main sections. Why was repetition so important for Baroque composers? Rounded form is where the opening passage in the tonic key keeps coming back around, the most common pattern generally being ABACA. We will write a custom essay sample on AS Music: Baroque Ensemble Music or any similar topic only for you Order Now The A section is called the refrain or rounded and the non-A passages are called episodes or couplets. The rounded form originated in France, and was first the name of a medieval song with a repeating pattern. Later composers n the Classical era preferred to use the Italian spelling of the word, rondo. Repetition in Baroque music was important for composers and audiences, because composers of the Baroque era often wrote vast amounts of music as part of their employment, so were almost forced to adopt such time saving methods. Audiences of the Baroque era also were not able to fast forward, rewind or replay parts of music like we can today, so repetition allowed the audience to stay on track, and not lose the plot of the piece. 2. The binary form in Baroque music: describe the structure and comment on analogy as would occur in the different sections: A vast amount of Baroque pieces, especially ones based on dances, are in binary form, which is music where there are two distinctly separate sections, each usually repeated. The letters ABA are often used to describe binary form in music. The two sections might be similar in length, or the second might be longer than the first. In binary form, section A usually begins in the tonic key, and then ends in another key, often the dominant, or if the starting key is minor, for instance, section A might end in its relative major. Section B, however, usually goes through keys not previously heard in the piece, and then ends in the tonic key. 3. Compare and contrast Baroque instrumental music with that of the Renaissance : Instrumental music was much more important and plentiful in the Baroque period than it had previously been, when the majority of music was vocal. The improved instrument technology helped, and allowed and encouraged composers to develop genuinely instrumental ways of writing. Much of the Renaissance period music was written for voices only, and some Renaissance style music for instruments is very vocal in its character. The more vocal styles of Renaissance music, contrasting with the instrumental music of the Baroque period is the main difference between the two. 4. In paragraphs of approximately 75 words summaries information on the following Baroque instrumental families: Strings Woodwind Brass Keyboard Strings: The first Violins, Violas and Cellos were made in Italy in the late 16th century. For some time, these instruments, called the Violin family, were used alongside instruments from the Viol family, but gradually overtook them in popularity. The Baroque bow was straight or arch shaped rather than inward curving as today, the ridge was marginally lower, and its curve shallower, which in turn made multiple stopping easier. The neck bent back at a slightly larger angle, and with the lower bridge, therefore put the strings at a lower tension, making the sound less powerful. Woodwind: Recorders were heavily used throughout the Baroque period, the most commonly used type being f alto (treble). Recorders fell out of use after the Baroque period, coming back into use in the late 20th century. Baroque flutes were normally made out of wood, with finger holes and Just one key for a hard to reach bass note. The done flutes lacked some of the sound quality of modern metal ones; they could not reach such high notes, and were held sideways. Oboe players produced sound, the same as they still do to this day, by blowing between two reeds. The Baroque oboe developed from the Shawn, a more powerful, even harsh instrument, which was often played outdoors. In some Baroque pieces, oboes doubled (played the same parts as) violins, but they sometimes had solo roles. Brass: Trumpets in Baroque music were often connected with royal and military ceremonies, and were therefore regarded as a special instrument. They had no valves, so different notes were played by the musician using different lip pressures. Early brass instruments without valves are called ‘natural’. Trombones were largely favored in Venice in the early sass’s, mainly in ceremonial music for performance in church. Baroque trombones were less powerful than modern ones, so could therefore be better combined with softer instruments. To distinguish modern from Baroque instruments, the latter are mainly known as ‘sackbuts’, or ‘sackbuts’. Horns are found in some later Baroque pieces, including Bach’s Brandenburg concerto No. , which includes a horn called corn dad acacia, (Italian for ‘hunting horn’). The corona dad acacia shared the rounded shape of the modern horn, but lacked valves and had a lighter, brighter sound, and was often used in high pitched sections of pieces. Keyboard: Harpsichords are keyboard instruments which have strings that are mechanically plucked when the keys are pressed. Harpsichords from the Baroque period vary in tone and construction from country to country. Clavichords are keyboard instruments that have strings which are hit by tangents’ when the keys, which have a seesaw like action, are pressed. In the Baroque period, Clavichords were used mainly in Germany. They had a quiet sound, which therefore made them inappropriate for use at big public concerts, but ideal for making music at home. Unlike Harpsichords, Clavichords were touch sensitive, and in this way, along with the hammer sound production, they were like modern pianos. Organs varied vastly in their size, construction and tone. German organs commonly had two or more manuals and pedals. English organs, on the other hand, normally had no pedals and rarely more than one manual. 5. What is meant by ‘retooling? Retooling form is the form that many late Baroque pieces, especially those from concertos, are in. The form is similar to Rounded, but more sophisticated. An opening passage is heard on two or more occasions throughout the piece, but not always necessarily in full, with other passages in between. These so called ‘in between’ passages, sometimes a lot longer than the riotousness, are called ‘episodes’ and are often for fewer instruments. A retooling can also be an instrumental passage within a vocal piece. . Describe briefly the structure off typical Baroque suite: There is no axed pattern of movement in Baroque suites, but later examples included the following dances, in this order: Allemande: usually moderate speed or fairly slow, in 4/4 time, with a short upbeat and plenty of gentle semiquaver movement. Current: quick or fairly q uick, in 3/4 or 3/2 Serenade: slow triple time, usually 3/4, often with the second beat of the bar emphasizes. Segue; quick and lively, usually in a compound time such as 12/8 7. Explain how Baroque composers would expand on the dances that would appear in a suite. What changes would they bring into their music? Dances are generally in binary form, but composers sometimes extended their work in one of the following ways: Two dances of the same kind (both binary) appear in the order first dance, second dance, first dance repeated, producing a kind of ternary (ABA) structure. Two versions of a single dance are given, the first ‘plain’, the second with much more ornamentation added. Some modern performers play the plain dance complete, with both sections repeated and then the double similarly. Baroque composers may have sometimes played either the plain dance or the double, not both. How to cite AS Music: Baroque Ensemble Music, Papers